Association Between Infant Carrying Methods, Duration, and Trunk Position among Nursing Mothers of Lahore

Background: Infant carrying, which involves holding an infant in arms or using a baby carrier, enables a newborn to remain physically close to their mother. However, the physical demands of caring for a newborn can make nursing mothers more prone to developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Objective: To determine the association between infant carrying methods, duration, and trunk position among nursing mothers of Lahore. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The study included 176 female participants of childbearing age (18-35 years) with a body mass index (18.5-24.9 kg/m²) and infants aged 0-2 years. Data was collected from six immunization centers and four postnatal clinics in Lahore. A standardized questionnaire, consisting of three sections, was used. Section A focused on socio-demographic and infant-maternal characteristics, while sections B and C addressed various infant carrying methods (ICMs) and related musculoskeletal injuries. The test-retest reliability coefficients of this questionnaire were 0.80 and 0.79, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results: Out of 176 participants, 31.3% (n=55) commonly carry their infants in their arms, primarily adopting a forward trunk lean position (35.2%, n=62). Additionally, 76.1% (n=134) carry their infants for 1 to 6 hours daily. Musculoskeletal pain was predominantly reported in the upper limbs (65.4%, n=115) and upper back (68.2%, n=120). A significant association (p<0.05) was found between the infant carrying methods, trunk position, and time spent carrying an infant. Conclusion: A greater number of participants used in-arms ICM for 1-6 hours daily, and reported forward lean trunk position, as well as upper limbs and upper back pain, suggesting an association between ICM duration and musculoskeletal discomfort. Keywords: Body Mass Index, Caregivers, Infant, Musculoskeletal Pain