Artificial Intelligence in Uveitis: Innovations in Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies

Siva Raman Bala Murugan,1 Srinivasan Sanjay,2 Anjana Somanath,3 Padmamalini Mahendradas,4 Aditya Patil,4 Kirandeep Kaur,5 Bharat Gurnani6 1Department of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation Uveitis Clinic, Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry, 605007, India; 2Department of Clinical Services, Singapore National Eye Centre, Third Hospital Ave, Singapore City, 168751, Singapore; 3Department of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu; 4Department of Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560010, India; 5Department of Cataract, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Gomabai Netralaya and Research Centre, Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, 458441, India; 6Department of Cataract, Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Gomabai Netralaya and Research Centre, Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, 458441, IndiaCorrespondence: Siva Raman Bala Murugan, Consultant- Uveitis Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry, 605007, India, Email [email protected]: In the dynamic field of ophthalmology, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a transformative tool in managing complex conditions like uveitis. Characterized by diverse inflammatory responses, uveitis presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This systematic review explores the role of AI in advancing diagnostic precision, optimizing therapeutic approaches, and improving patient outcomes in uveitis care. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Embase identified over 10,000 articles using primary and secondary keywords related to AI and uveitis. Rigorous screening based on predefined criteria reduced the pool to 52 high-quality studies, categorized into six themes: diagnostic support algorithms, screening algorithms, standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN), AI applications in management, systemic implications of AI, and limitations with future directions. AI technologies, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), demonstrated proficiency in anterior chamber inflammation detection, vitreous haze grading, and screening for conditions like ocular toxoplasmosis. Despite these advancements, challenges such as dataset quality, algorithmic transparency, and ethical concerns persist. Future research should focus on developing robust, multimodal AI systems and fostering collaboration among academia and industry to ensure equitable, ethical, and effective AI applications. The integration of AI heralds a new era in uveitis management, emphasizing precision medicine and enhanced care delivery.Keywords: artificial intelligence, uveitis management, machine learning, deep learning, optical coherence tomography, AI, ML, DL, OCT