Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants a comprehensive overview: a review

Manganese (Mn), an essential micronutrient necessary for plant growth and development, has serious phytotoxic effects when present in surplus concentrations. The higher concentration of Mn manifests as a reduction in photosynthetic activity and a gradual up regulation of oxidative stress, which results in reduced yield. Interestingly, Mn toxicity is a serious issue in acid soil, which is mainly encountered in sizable parts of the soil across the globe. In order to mitigate the detrimental influence of Mn on crop productivity, it is of significance to comprehend the diverse physiological aspects of Mn. Thus, such information is crucially important for the identification and development of Mn-tolerant genotypes. Hence, this review article precisely discusses the diverse physiological aspects of Mn toxicity in plants.