Extraction of saponin from <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> leaves by ultrasound-assisted extraction

Calophyllum inophyllum is a mangrove plant native to Indonesia, known to contain various bioactive compounds. Saponins, found in the leaves of C. inophyllum, exhibit anti-hypercholesterolaemic, anti-inflammatory, cardiac depressant, antitumour, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This study aims to investigate the effect of solvent type and extraction duration on the purity and yield of saponins using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction was conducted at 40°C with a power input of 550 W and a solvent-to-sample mass ratio of 25:1 (w/w). The leaves of C. inophyllum were found to contain 0.2% saponins prior to extraction. Optimal results, achieving a saponin purity of 22.05% and a yield of 11.74%, were obtained using food-grade ethanol as the solvent for 30 minutes. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the extract and its effect on bladder cancer cell viability were explored. The IC50 value for antioxidant activity was determined to be 19.99 ppm. Furthermore, at a concentration of 100 µg/ml, the extract reduced the viability of University of Michigan-Urothelial Carcinoma-3 (UMUC-3) bladder cancer cells by 29.50±1.94% and Black Foot Disease Transitional Carcinoma 905 (BFTC-905) cells by 30.26±5.83%.