The Effects of Hypertensive Disorders on Syncytiotrophoblast Cells and Spiral Artery Remodeling in Pregnancy

Background and Objective: The major effect of the placenta is caused by the change of angiogenic factors in hypertensive disorders, which leads to chronic hypoxic changes in the placenta. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of blood pressure on the placenta and fetus during pregnancy and to identify its causes and complications. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 60 women with hypertension disorder and 60 normal pregnant women from the AL-Imam AL-Sadiq hospital, aged fifteen and older. Maternal, fetal, and delivery characteristics were extracted through the questionnaire. The main comparison of "maternal and fetal outcomes" was determined among patients with hypertensive disorders. Normal groups were used to determine the levels of PGF, estrogen and progesterone hormones in serum. Placenta biopsy was obtained for histopathological examination. Findings: The results of the study showed an increase in preterm delivery, low Apgar score, low birth weight and low placental weight in hypertensive groups. The findings of electron microscope examination (SEM) were related to the severity of hypertensive disorders such as vasculopathy, diffuse placental thrombosis, infarction, calcification, vasculosyncytial membrane thickness, and dysfunction of syncytiotrophoblast cells (p<0.05). In primigravid women, preeclampsia was observed in 17 people (85%) and in multigravida, it was observed in 3 people (15%) (p<0.05). The presence of two or more obstetric risks increased premature delivery by 7 people (35%), 8 people (40%) and 1 person (5%) in preeclampsia, chronic hypertension and gestational hypertension groups, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that blood pressure can directly affect the placenta and fetus and the occurrence of placental disorders and increase in premature delivery.