МЕТОД ФОРМУВАННЯ ЗОН ПОКРИТТЯ СЕНСОРНОЇ МЕРЕЖІ З НЕРІВНОМІРНОЮ ЩІЛЬНІСТЮ ВУЗЛІВ

A new method for forming coverage areas in wireless sensor networks with uneven node density, which takes into account the criticality of the energy state, variable demand in space, and physical obstacles in the environment is presented. The proposed approach is based on a modified weighted Voronoi diagram and a nonlinear mathematical optimization apparatus, which allows for adaptive distribution of service areas depending on the current characteristics of nodes and traffic. Unlike classical models with a fixed coverage geometry, the developed method dynamically updates the areas of responsibility taking into account changes in energy, load level, and access conditions to the environment. The results of numerical simulations conducted on the example of a network of 12 nodes showed that the adaptive topology significantly outperforms the classical approach in terms of energy balance. It was recorded that nodes with high energy receive larger coverage areas, while energy-limited nodes serve only a small part of the area or are removed from active use. This distribution reduces the load on critical network elements and extends the overall time of its operation. Additionally, the model has shown the ability to effectively respond to areas with increased demand due to the inclusion of spatial load and environmental characteristics in the optimization constraints. The paper also compares the proposed method with the classical Voronoi diagram. Both tables and graphs demonstrate the advantages of the adaptive approach in the formation of uneven zones taking into account many parameters. The obtained results confirm that the developed method can be applied in complex conditions and promising scenarios for the deployment of sensor networks, where it is necessary to achieve a high level of energy efficiency, stability, and flexible adaptation to changes in the environment.