Wireless sensor network for monitoring surface and ground water sources for pesticide pollution

This study is focused on the design of a comprehensive system for pesticide testing in regions where water sources are highly distributed, with a particular emphasis on addressing the pressing issue of water contamination by pesticides in Kenya. Between 2015 and 2018, pesticide imports in Kenya surged by 144%, with 76% of these pesticides classified as highly hazardous. Agriculture remains the cornerstone of Kenya’s economy, contributing over 30% of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). However, water scarcity poses a significant challenge, especially in rural areas where more than 70% of the population resides. Approximately 41.5% of these residents depend on shallow wells and surface water sources, such as lakes, streams, and ponds, for their daily water needs.<br/><br/>The study proposes the development of an advanced wireless sensor system that integrates RFID, Long Range (LoRa) protocol, and GSM to monitor the prevalence of pesticides in groundwater sources. This wireless architecture offers a point-of-care testing (POCT) solution through its integration with cost-effective, paper-based immunochromatographic biosensors. These biosensors leverage the specificity of antibodies for the detection of pesticides, enabling straightforward visual identification. The gathered information is disseminated effectively, with a focus on reaching marginalized groups, including those with limited literacy, the elderly, and the economically disadvantaged.