Комплексна оцінка енергетичних інструментів європейської еколого-економічної політики

The main task of the article is to reflect the basic approaches and methods for analysing the energy component of the transformation of the European economic system in the context of the concept of sustainable development. It studies the dynamics of energy efficiency of European countries in oil equivalent. It is established that the gross available energy is the amount of energy products that are necessary to satisfy the needs of entities in a certain geographical area under study. The article analyses the indicator of final energy consumption of European countries, which includes only the energy used by end consumers and does not include energy consumption by the energy sector itself and losses arising during energy conversion and distribution. The author investigates the dynamics of changes in the surface areas of solar collectors in European countries and proves that in order to improve the efficiency of silicon solar cells, it is necessary to add layers of other materials that also catch part of the solar energy, while increasing the length of waves that can be absorbed. The study analyses the dynamics of recycling batteries and accumulators in some EU member countries. The indicators of liquid biofuel production capacity are studied and the priorities of partnership between Ukraine and the EU in the sphere of biomethane, hydrogen and other synthetic gases are determined to achieve energy independence of our country. A mathematical formula is derived to determine the gross final energy consumption, the value of which depends on the final energy consumption, grid losses and own consumption by power generators. The article establishes the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by sector in European countries and identifies the capacity of electricity production from renewable energy sources and waste. It is proposed to accurately forecast the objective indicator of the capacity of renewable energy sources in Ukraine by 2030, taking into account the state of power grids and the availability of regulatory capacities. The study investigated the dynamics of revenues from energy taxes in some European countries. It is established that financial instruments currently have a significant impact on the functioning of energy markets, in particular the implicit energy tax rate, which is defined as the ratio between energy tax revenues and final energy consumption per calendar year. The systemic integration of the electricity and gas markets is expected to take place relatively quickly due to synergies in energy production, transport and distribution. The article shows that the European Energy Strategy foresees a transition to a lowcarbon economy, which includes the implementation of a clear energy policy and the timely implementation of legislative measures to create a more integrated energy system. It is proved that in order to achieve significant economic and environmental results, it is extremely important for all European market economies to modernise their main generating capacities, use greenhouse gas emission trading systems more efficiently and increase the share of lowcarbon energy sources. Ukraine is recommended to study and use the experience of EU countries in improving energy efficiency and ecologisation of the energy sector.