Smart Thrombosis Care: The Rise of Closed-Loop Diagnosis-to-Treatment Nano Systems

Jiong Wu,1,* Yuanyuan Zhang,2,* Wu Chen,1,* Tianjiao Hao,1 Chuanjiang Ran,1 Yuanyuan Zhou,1 Yan Shen,1 Wei You,3 Tao Wang4 1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Taixing City, Taixing, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wei You, Email [email protected] Tao Wang, Email [email protected]: Thrombosis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, presenting complex pathophysiological challenges that complicate effective diagnosis and treatment. A holistic approach to thrombosis management, incorporating integrated diagnostic and therapeutic systems, is essential for improving patient outcomes. This review explores the emerging concept of closed-loop diagnosis-to-treatment nanosystems in thrombosis care, with a focus on integrating advanced technologies. Specifically, we examine the targeting of critical components involved in thrombosis, including platelets, coagulation factors, endothelial cells, the fibrinolytic system, and the immune system. Techniques such as platelet aggregation assays, coagulation function tests, biomarker detection, and nanotechnology-based therapies are discussed. Moreover, the application of these integrated systems is reviewed in both the acute and chronic phases of thrombosis, covering conditions such as acute coronary syndrome, acute pulmonary embolism, chronic deep vein thrombosis, and post-surgical thrombosis prevention. Finally, the review highlights potential future developments in integrated thrombosis care, with an emphasis on personalized treatment strategies and the role of emerging technologies in enhancing clinical outcomes. These insights underscore the transformative potential of closed-loop nano-systems in achieving more precise, timely, and effective thrombosis management. Keywords: thrombosis, nanotechnology, integrated management