Novel Therapeutic Mechanisms and Strategies for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Focusing on Exosomes

Shandong Jiang,1,2 Libin Hu,1,2 Hang Zhou,1,2 Jianan Wu,1,2 Jiayin Zhou,1,2 Xian Yu,1,2 Gao Chen1,2 1Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Gao Chen, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a primary, non-traumatic cerebral event associated with substantial mortality and disability. Despite advancements in understanding its etiology and refining diagnostic techniques, a validated treatment to significantly improve ICH prognosis remains elusive. Exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vesicles, encapsulate bioactive components, predominantly microRNAs (miRNAs), facilitating and regulating intercellular communication. Currently, exosomes have garnered considerable interests in clinical transformation for their nanostructure, minimal immunogenicity, low toxicity, inherent stability, and the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier. A wealth of studies has demonstrated that exosomes can improve the prognosis of ICH through anti-apoptosis, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and autophagy, primarily via the transportation or overexpression of selected miRNAs. More importantly, exosomes can be easily customized with specific miRNAs or bioactive compounds to establish delivery systems, broadening their potential applications. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of exosomes in ICH, reviewing the mechanisms of molecular biology mediated by certain miRNAs, discussing the benefits, challenges, and future prospects in ICH treatment. We hope comprehensive understanding of exosomes based on miRNAs will provide new insights into the treatment of ICH and guide the translation of exosome’s research from laboratory to clinical practice. Keywords: intracerebral hemorrhage, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, microRNAs, stem cells