Histopathological findings in the context of the effective invasive and non-invasive methods for detecting lung cancer and their application in PHI Clinical Hospital Tetovo

Background: Carcinoma is not a single disease but a set of related diseases that can occur almost anywhere in the body. Lung cancer is one of the most common diseases among people and one of the main causes of increasing mortality. Lung carcinoma is classified into two types based on histological characteristics: non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Lung cancer usually has no symptoms or signs in the early stages, but many patients eventually develop symptoms including persistent cough, hemoptysis, persistent dyspnea, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue. The treatment depends on the type of cancer that is diagnosed. Material and methods: For our research, we collected data from the records of the treated and intervened patients as well as other existing documentation in the Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Allergology at PHI Clinical Hospital Tetovo for a duration of 12 months from June 2022 to June 2023. In our research were included 133 patients with: dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, hemoptysis and cough, history of past illnesses and other comorbid conditions. When processing the data from the selected sample, descriptive and comparative methods were used. Data processing was performed with the statistical software package SPSS. Results: In our research, the highest percentage of patients had a positive finding during bronchoscopy, which confirms the high importance of this method for establishing an accurate diagnosis. The results presented in this paper show that the most commonly diagnosed cancer types were adenocarcinoma, planocellular carcinoma/ squamous cell carcinoma, and non-small cell carcinoma. Our results also show that the majority of patients are diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, which is the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer. Differences in the prevalence of various types of lung cancer based on sex, smoking status, and residence in different regions of the country provide important insights into the factors influencing the spread of the disease. Conclusion: Advanced diagnostic methods, such as bronchoscopy, computed tomography, cytological analysis, and histopathological analysis, represent indispensable tools in the diagnosis of lung cancer. The combined use of these methods helps in the accurate classification of the type of cancer and staging, which is crucial for choosing the most appropriate treatment.