Gingerols and Shogaols of Zingiber officinale var. sunti Valeton as Potential Allosteric Agonists of Human GABAA Receptor by in silico Pharmacology Approach

Faisal Kuswandani,1,2,* Gofarana Wilar,3,* Indah Suasani Wahyuni,4,* Sandra Megantara,5,* Dian Ayu Eka Pitaloka,3,6,* Jutti Levita,3,6,* Supat Jiranusornkul7,8,* 1Doctoral Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 4Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 5Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 6Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 7Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 8Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jutti Levita, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia, Email [email protected] Faisal Kuswandani, Email [email protected]: Gingerols and shogaols are the main active constituents in Zingiber officinale var. sunti Valeton has been reported for its anti-anxiety activity. Anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines, alleviate anxiety disorders by enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors through positive allosteric regulation at the α 1/γ 2 interface extracellular domain.Purpose: To elucidate the binding energy and stability of gingerols and shogaols toward human GABAA receptor (hGABAAR), compared to their known allosteric agonist (diazepam), and further phytochemical analysis in the ethanol extract of Z. officinale var. sunti Valeton rhizome (EEZO).Methods: The ligands, namely gingerols (6-, 8-, and 10-gingerol) and shogaols (6-, 8-, and 10-shogaol), were evaluated by pre-ADMET screening tools and molecular docking simulation towards hGABAAR α 1/γ 2 subtype (PDB ID: 6X3X). Compounds with the best pre-ADMET profile and affinity were subjected to a 200 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The UPLC analysis was performed to detect and quantify gingerol and shogaol in EEZO.Results: The best pre-ADMET prediction was shown by 6-gingerol, whereas the molecular docking simulations revealed that the best binding affinity and stability were shown by 6-gingerol (− 7.41 kcal/mol) and 10-shogaol (− 8.24 kcal/mol), which are comparable to that of diazepam. They build hydrogen bonds with α 1 Ser206 and pi interaction with γ 2 Phe77. The MD simulation confirmed that the stability of the 10-shogaol/hGABAAR and 6-gingerol/hGABAAR complexes is equal to that of diazepam/hGABAAR. The UPLC analysis resulted in a level of 44.98 μg/mL for 6-gingerol and 2.52 μg/mL for 10-shogaol.Conclusion: 6-Gingerol and 10-shogaol of EEZO may have the potential to be developed as novel allosteric agonists of human GABAA receptors, thus explaining their anti-anxiety activity. However, the activity towards the human GABAA receptor is lower than diazepam, its known allosteric agonist.Keywords: anxiety, gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA receptor agonist, red ginger, Zingiberaceae