Emerging Therapies for Human Metapneumovirus: A Review of Current Advances

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly affecting infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Since its discovery in 2001, HMPV has posed significant global health challenges due to its high morbidity and lack of targeted treatment options. Belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, HMPV shares structural similarities with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), leading to comparable clinical manifestations. Despite its clinical significance, there are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies, and management remains primarily supportive, including oxygen therapy, hydration, and mechanical ventilation in severe cases. Recent advancements in virology and immunology have driven the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting various stages of the HMPV life cycle. Monoclonal antibodies, particularly those targeting the fusion (F) glycoprotein, have demonstrated promise in neutralizing viral entry. Fusion inhibitors and small-molecule antivirals, such as ribavirin, are also being explored for their potential to limit viral replication. RNA interference (RNAi)-based approaches have shown efficacy in silencing viral gene expression, though challenges related to delivery and specificity remain. Vaccine development efforts are progressing through multiple platforms, including live-attenuated, recombinant vector, and subunit vaccines. Strategies focusing on the prefusion conformation of the F protein have shown promising immunogenicity in preclinical studies. Additionally, host-directed therapies aiming to modulate immune responses and reduce disease severity are under investigation. As the burden of HMPV becomes increasingly recognized, continued research into these therapeutic innovations is essential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging treatment and prevention strategies, highlighting promising developments and identifying gaps that warrant further investigation. Keywords: EMERGING THERAPIES, HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/17-2-02 Publication date: February 28th 2025