COPPER-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN FISH LIVER AND GILL: A REVIEW

Copper is a vital trace element that plays a key role in enzymatic processes, oxygen transport, and cellular energy production. Nevertheless, elevated copper concentrations—often resulting from industrial, mining, or agricultural activities—can be harmful to fish. High levels of copper lead to oxidative stress and inflammation, causing damage to critical organs such as the liver and gills. In the liver, copper tends to accumulate, interfering with metabolic and detoxification processes. In the gills, it disrupts respiratory function and ionic regulation, which may ultimately result in cellular damage or death. These toxic effects are further intensified by increased water temperatures and the presence of additional pollutants. This review explores the biochemical and histopathological impacts of copper toxicity in fish, with a focus on the application of biomarkers for environmental pollution assessment.