Проблеми повернення культурних цінностей під час збройних конфліктів

Cultural values play a key role in the formation of national identity, the maintenance of cultural diversity and the preservation of historical memory. In the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine, caused by Russian aggression, these values are exposed to serious risks of destruction, damage and illegal export. Of particular importance in this context is the process of restitution – the return of lost or stolen cultural objects. This article analyzes the problems and prospects of the restitution of cultural values in Ukraine, in particular on the basis of international experience and legal mechanisms. Special attention is paid to the regulatory and legal framework governing the protection of cultural heritage, including the 1954 Hague Convention, ratified by Ukraine, and other international agreements. The paper also considers practical measures aimed at the protection of cultural heritage, in particular the systematization of information about cultural objects, evacuation plans and fire safety. In the context of Russian aggression, which began in 2014 and escalated during the full-scale invasion in 2022, a significant number of cultural heritage sites have been damaged or destroyed. The article presents statistics on losses prepared by UNESCO, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and other organizations. It is noted that cultural values in the occupied territories are subject to systematic crimes, including looting of museums, archaeological excavations without proper permission and the export of objects outside the country. International experience in the field of restitution is highlighted, including UNESCO initiatives, the return of cultural objects through court decisions and the introduction of digital technologies. The paper emphasizes the importance of multilateral cooperation, the use of modern tools such as blockchain and NFT, as well as active public participation in the process of preserving cultural heritage. The conclusions of the article emphasize the need to improve national legislation, strengthen international cooperation and introduce new mechanisms and technologies for the protection and return of cultural values. The protection of cultural heritage in times of war is not only a national but also a global challenge that requires a systemic approach, coordination of efforts and support from the international community. The restitution of cultural values not only contributes to the restoration of historical justice, but also plays an important role in preserving cultural heritage for future generations.