How to Collect Data: Questionnaire and Interview Where the Prospective Respondents Are Suspicious of the Researcher/s

Abstract Collecting accurate data is important for meaningful research, yet researchers frequently encounter significant challenges when prospective participants are wary or distrustful. Suspicion may stem from privacy concerns, fear of repercussions, or scepticism about the researcher’s intent; factors that often result in poor participation, biased responses, silence or outright refusal to engage. This abstract presents findings and reflections from a study that examined strategies for collecting data through interviews and questionnaires in such contexts, drawing on fieldwork in public service settings. The research highlights that mistrust is particularly acute in qualitative and quantitative studies, where disclosure and honesty are central. Participants were often hesitant to respond unless reassured about confidentiality, trust and the purpose of the study. To respond to these concerns, the researchers took deliberate steps to build trust. They explained the purpose of the study in clear, accessible language, worked through trusted community figures and networks, and were open about how the information would be used. They also adjusted their behaviour to fit local norms. In many cases, meeting participants in person, reaching out before the survey began, and maintaining a credible online presence helped ease uncertainty and encouraged participation. Ethical reflexivity was essential in addressing power dynamics and the researcher’s position, especially in sensitive institutional environments where factors like race, rank, or job insecurity shaped people's willingness to participate. By using snowball sampling and seeking referrals from trusted contacts, the researchers were able to gain better access. In addition, visiting organisational offices in person helped make the process feel more personal and added credibility to the study. The contribution of this TREO is both practical and ethical: it emphasises how rapport-building, reflexivity, and cultural awareness can help overcome barriers to participation, thus improving data quality. The findings are especially relevant for IS researchers working in uncertain or under-researched environments where participant trust cannot be assumed.