Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS): A Comprehensive Review of Treatment Strategies and Management Approaches

Loris Cacciatore,1 Angelo Territo,2 Antonio Minore,1 Antonio Testa,1 Guglielmo Mantica,3 Francesco Esperto1 1Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico Di Roma, Rome, Italy; 2Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 3Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, Genoa, ItalyCorrespondence: Loris Cacciatore, Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy, Email [email protected]: Bladder pain Syndrome presents a multifaceted challenge in contemporary urological practice, marked by LUTS, negative behavioural, sexual, or emotional experiences, and the potential for sexual dysfunction. We meticulously explored the existing literature of conservative, non-invasive and invasive interventions, aiming to provide clinicians with a nuanced understanding of available options for comprehensive BPS management. We delve into the effectiveness and safety profiles from behavioural approaches through lifestyle changes and physical therapy, to oral or intravesical medications, until the definitive surgical treatment. The best option evaluated is the involvement of a multidisciplinary team, including urologists, urotherapists, gynaecologists, pain specialists, primary care physicians and psychologists, educating those patients regarding the condition and its chronic course and tailoring the perfect treatment for each person. Despite this, BPS remains a challenge for urologists. Indeed, our objective is to contribute to the evolving landscape of BPS management, fostering informed decision-making and personalized care for individuals grappling with this challenging condition.Keywords: bladder pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis, lower urinary tract symptoms, females, continence, therapy, conservative treatment