Plant extracellular ATP signalling by plasma membrana NADPH oxidase and Ca²⁺ channels

Extracellular ATP regulates higher plant growth and adaptation. The signalling events may be unique to higher plants, as they lack animal purinoceptor homologues. Although it is known that plant cytosolic free Ca²⁺ can be elevated by extracellular ATP, the mechanism is unknown. Here, we have studied roots of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> to determine the events that lead to the transcriptional stress response evoked by extracellular ATP. Root cell protoplasts were used to demonstrate that signalling to elevate cytosolic free Ca²⁺ is determined by ATP perception at the plasma membrane, and not at the cell wall. Imaging revealed that extracellular ATP causes the production of reactive oxygen species in intact roots, with the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase AtRBOHC being the major contributor. This resulted in the stimulation of plasma membrane Ca²⁺-permeable channels (determined using patch-clamp electrophysiology), which contribute to the elevation of cytosolic free Ca²⁺. Disruption of this pathway in the <i>AtrbohC</i> mutant impaired the extracellular ATP-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activation of Ca²⁺ channels, and the transcription of the MAP kinase3 gene that is known to be involved in stress responses. This study shows that higher plants, although bereft of purinoceptor homologues, could have evolved a distinct mechanism to transduce the ATP signal at the plasma membrane.