Metformin exposure induces gonadal alterations in mussels Mytilus edulis:Metformin impact in mussels

The accumulation of pharmaceuticals in marine environments is an increasing environmental <br/>concern. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, is frequently detected in aquatic systems; however, <br/>its ecological implications are not fully elucidated. This study examines the biological effects of metformin <br/>on the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, employed as a bioindicator, under various concentrations that mirror <br/>both typical and elevated environmental levels. Investigations included short-term (7 days) and longterm (21 days) exposure scenarios. Results indicate that metformin markedly influences the cellular <br/>integrity and reproductive health of M. edulis. Notable findings include disruptions in gonadal tissue <br/>integrity and cellular response modulation, characterised by apoptosis-related and inflammatory <br/>reactions. These effects were dose-dependent and suggest metformin’s potential as an emerging <br/>contaminant of concern. This research emphasises the need for comprehensive studies to fully assess the <br/>ecological consequences of metformin presence in aquatic habitats and the potential risks to marine life <br/>sustainability