Is the Constitution of 1787 a White Supremacist Document? Against Essentialism in Constitutional Interpretation

A curious convergence is emerging in legal academia around the conclusion that the 1787 Constitution is a white supremacist document. Although most originalists would deny that contention, their methodology strongly favors, if it does not compel, an agreement with progressive, “neo-Garrisonian” scholars that the Constitution of 1787 is indeed a white supremacist document. Both the neo-Garrisonian and originalist elements of this implicit convergence stem from their “essentialism” in Constitutional interpretation: the idea that the Constitution or its terms or provisions carry a uniquely and objectively correct meaning, invariant over time, and independent of our evolving normative commitments. This Article argues that essentialism is a mistaken approach to constitutional interpretation. Contrasting Chief Justice Roger Taney’s lead opinion in Dred Scott, holding that Black people cannot be “citizens” of the United States, with Frederick Douglass’s Glasgow Speech, arguing that the Constitution is not a pro-slavery document, this Article argues that these two texts embody not simply a clash of conclusions, but also a clash of approaches to understanding what the Constitution is. Taney’s opinion is archetypally originalist and essentialist; Douglass’s speech, widely misunderstood as an essentialist, textualist argument, is in fact a powerful anti-essentialist argument that the Constitution of 1787 was an invitation to struggle over the questions of slavery and white supremacy. The Article further disputes the widely accepted neo-Garrisonian claim that originalism and living constitutionalism both fail the Dred Scott “test.” While living constitutionalism, with its embrace of evolving moral values, would today reject Dred Scott, Taney’s originalist opinion adheres to the tenets of the intentionalist and public meaning strands of originalism and meets present-day professional standards of originalist scholarship. Thus, while living constitutionalism can, originalism cannot disown Dred Scott.