Histopathological, Cytological and Radiological Correlations in Allergy and Public Health Concerns: A Comprehensive Review

Yibala Ibor Oboma,1 Bassey Okon Ekpenyong,2 Mohammed Sani Umar,3 Glory Mbe Egom Nja,4 Judith Jepkosgei Chelimo,4 Matthew Chibunna Igwe,4 Umi Omar Bunu4 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda; 2Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University Nkpolo - Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria; 3Department of Radiography, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda; 4Department of Public Health, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, UgandaCorrespondence: Yibala Ibor Oboma, Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda, Tel +256740059020, Email [email protected]: Allergies represent a significant and growing public health concern, affecting millions worldwide and burdening healthcare systems substantially. Accurate diagnosis and understanding of allergy is crucial for effective management and treatment. This review aims to explore the historical evolution, current advances, and prospects of histopathological and cytological techniques in allergy diagnosis, highlighting their crucial role in modern medicine. Major biomedical, public health, and imaging databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE were used. The search strategy used include specific keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to histopathology, cytology, radiology, allergic diseases, and public health. Histopathological and cytological studies play a pivotal role in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of allergies, offering insights into the cellular and tissue-level changes associated with allergic responses. Histopathology reveals characteristic features such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, and the presence of specific immune cells like eosinophils and mast cells. Cytological analysis can detect cellular changes and abnormalities at a finer scale, providing a complementary perspective to histopathological findings. The correlation between histopathological and cytological findings is critical for achieving accurate and reliable diagnoses. Combined histopathological and cytological studies can reveal the extent of airway inflammation, epithelial damage, and immune cell infiltration, providing a robust basis for clinical decision-making. Recent advancements in diagnostic techniques have further revolutionized the field of allergy diagnosis. These technologies offer increased accuracy, speed, and reproducibility, making them invaluable in both clinical and research settings. Despite these advancements, several challenges and limitations persist. By integrating tissue-level and cellular-level analyses, clinicians can achieve more accurate diagnoses, tailor treatments to individual patients, and ultimately improve the quality of care for those suffering from allergies. In conclusion, histopathological and cytological correlation in allergy diagnosis provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and managing allergic conditions.Keywords: histopathology, radiological, correlation, allergy and public health