Phytochemicals constituents of Malay traditional medicinal plants as potential remedies for breast cancer: a review

Background: Breast cancer is the most prominent cancer in Malaysia, followed by lung, nasopharyngeal, colorectal, and liver cancers. Data from the World Health Organisation (2020) support the nation's high incidence of breast cancer. Studies have shown that phytochemicals, or secondary plant metabolites, have a promising future as adjuvants for a number of current medicines. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the phytochemical components identified in traditional Malay medicinal plants that may be used to treat breast cancer in Malaysian women. Methods: The most prominent phytochemicals found Malay traditional medicinal plants with anticancer activities against breast cancer are identified and compiled using a scoping review technique. Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed were the three databases used in the study to search for papers that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The screening approach concentrates on English papers from January 2015 to April 2023, utilising keywords such as the scientific names of the 45 identified plants, "phytochemical," and "breast cancer". Results: Out of 702 screened articles, only 23 met the predetermined criteria and were included in the study. The analysis reveals that 13 Malay traditional medicinal plants show positive outcomes against breast cancer, primarily due to the presence of phenolic compounds in their extract. Conclusions: The study identifies 13 out of 45 selected Malay traditional medicinal plants that exhibit positive outcomes against breast cancer. These plants contain significant phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, and others, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents. This comprehensive review is expected to assist researchers in embarking on pre-clinical studies focused on potential Malay traditional plants for breast cancer treatment and further elucidating the pharmacology of these phytomedicines.