Optimizing Parasport: A Comparative Study on Experience and Perception Variance Across Practiced Models

Organizations that provide sport for people with disabilities (referred to as parasport) have evolved significantly over the past century, with various models shaping the experiences of athletes with disabilities. Previous research examining parasport has mainly looked at participation barriers and individual outcomes of physical health or psychological well-being; however, little research has examined how different organizational models of parasport influence athlete experiences and perceptions. The purpose of this study is to examine three distinct models of parasport--mixed participant approach (MPA), segregated disability sport (SDS), and adaptive sports (AS)-- to assess their potential in providing equitable, enjoyable, and health-promoting experiences for athletes with disabilities. Data was collected from both athlete and non-athlete participants of various Chicago area para-soccer programs practicing these three models. The data collected explored four pillars of participant experience: motives, integration, enjoyment, and health impacts. This study also aimed to explore perception variance across models between athlete versus non-athlete participants. By comparing these differing models, this study aimed to identify practices that best support athletes with disabilities and promote healthy inclusion in sports. The findings provide evidence-based guidelines that can be operationalized for enhancing experiences of athletes with disabilities, fostering broader societal inclusion and well-being.