The Genetic Role of Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder (PD) affects approximately 5% of the population and was characterized by unexpected/recurring panic attacks yet can vary from patient to patient. While environmental factors are significant, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms play a major role in this percentage. It is vital to focus on the genetic mechanisms underlying PD, while emphasizing mutations in the GABA system and their large impact on the neurological system. The GABARAP gene is located on chromosome 17 and is an essential building block for assembling, transporting, and degrading GABA(A) receptors. The gene helps regulate inhibitory signaling to the brain. Disruption to the assembly of subunits into transport-competent GABA, and endocytosis recycling and degradation of the GABA, can cause a mutation within the gene from the amino acids arginine to glutamine, thereby exacerbating PD symptoms. Additionally, epigenetic variations of the GAD1 and GAD2 genes, which influence gamma y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, are associated clinically with anxiety disorders (including panic disorder) specifically in the female population. Current treatments and medicative routes lack precision because the disorder was introduced 25 years ago. Vortioxetine, a newly developed antidepressant, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) are some of the most recent treatments. Though treatments have been applied, neuromodulation techniques and psychopharmacological compounds should be a large focus in future studies.