A failed reform movement?

Nowhere was the introduction of modern mathematics/New Math curricula without controversy, but in the 1960s the criticism had little impact. One of the most outspoken ‘early’ opponents was Morris Kline, who in 1962, along with 64 other well-known American and Canadian mathematicians, signed a memorandum denouncing the abstract nature of modern mathematics and the neglect of practical applications. From the 1970s, the tide began to turn in several countries and a veritable counter-movement emerged. Kline's 1973 book ‘Why Johnny Can't Add: The Failure of the New Math’ quickly gained iconic status. Its definitive end was sanctioned in 1972 with René Thom's keynote address ‘Modern Mathematics: Does it exist?’ at the Second International Congress on Mathematical Education. However, from the ashes of the modern mathematics movement grew international cooperation in mathematics education and the field soon became recognized as an autonomous scientific discipline. In these early 1970s developments, the Polish Anna Zofia Krygowska played a significant role.