The Effect of Social Stigmatization of ADHD Behaviours, Labels, and Gender

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by clinical symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms are often accompanied by social stigmatization, including negative descriptors, animalistic characterizations, emotional reactions of anger, and desired social distance from individuals with ADHD. Stigmatization can negatively impact diagnosis, treatment, and behavioural functioning. This study investigates how diagnostic labels and the gender of individuals with ADHD influence stigma-related responses. Specifically, it examines whether the presence of an ADHD diagnostic label reduces or exacerbates stigma and how gender affects these perceptions. Utilizing a 2x3 factorial design, participants were presented with vignettes describing a 12-year-old child with ADHD behaviours. These vignettes varied by diagnostic label (Label vs No Label) and gender (Female, Male, and Gender-Neutral). Stigma was assessed through four outcome variables: positive-negative attitudes, humanistic-animalistic attitudes, emotional reactions, and social distance. Findings indicate that the presence of a diagnostic label significantly reduced negative attitudes, anger, and social distance. Gender effects were observed but were not statistically significant. Notably, the female vignette condition showed the strongest trends, suggesting that a diagnostic label may be particularly beneficial for females, who often go underdiagnosed. These findings highlight the potential of diagnostic labels to reduce stigma and promote social acceptance.