Comparative Perspectives to Inform DigitalLeadership Qualities for SMEs inDeveloping Countries

As technological advancements, including emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, reshape business landscapes, SMEs face unique challenges in adapting to volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA). Digital transformation (DT) has become a critical strategy for sustaining competitiveness, particularly for SMEs, which play a significant role in driving economic growth and innovation. While research has focused on digital-native and large organisations across both developed and developing regions, significant opportunities remain to further explore the leadership attributes essential for DT within SMEs This study aims to identify key leadership qualities necessary for navigating DT complexities through comparative analysis across different contexts. Using an inductive qualitative approach that combines an extensive literature review with survey-based empirical insights, this paper proposes a digital leadership framework that contributes to the existing knowledge base. In addition, this framework aligns with the unique needs of SMEs in developing contexts, supporting their resilience, adaptability, and potential for growth.