Citizens' Rights and Obligations under Islamic Law

This article examines the framework of citizens' rights and obligations under Islamic law, focusing on its principles of justice, equality, and humanity. It explores the diverse categories of individuals within an Islamic state, including Muslims, non-Muslims (dhimmis), foreign residents, and slaves. The study highlights the balanced approach of Islamic law in safeguarding personal freedoms, property rights, and religious practices while assigning duties such as adherence to Sharia and societal obligations. Particular attention is given to the distinction between divine rights (haqqullah) and individual rights (haqqul abd), as well as the obligations of obedience to rulers and defense of the faith. The article also discusses the legal provisions for non-Muslims, including their autonomy and financial contributions (jizya and kharaj), and the humane treatment and emancipation of slaves as integral aspects of Islamic law. The findings demonstrate that Islamic law provides a comprehensive legal framework grounded in ethical principles, ensuring the dignity and security of all members of society, regardless of their faith or social status.