Ciberfraude: Principales Métodos de Ataque y Estrategias para su Prevención

The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the most common methods used by cybercriminals to commit computer fraud, as well as the most frequent attack routes and preventive strategies to mitigate them. Through a systematic review of recent literature (2020-2024), academic sources, institutional reports and real cases that demonstrate the growing impact of these crimes were compiled and analyzed. The methodology consisted of the thematic classification of findings into social engineering, malware and technical attacks, as well as the evaluation of attack vectors such as email, web browsing and vulnerable devices. Among the main findings, the growing use of phishing, vishing and smishing techniques was identified, as well as the deployment of banking Trojans, ransomware and keyloggers. The role of artificial intelligence in the sophistication of scams is also highlighted. Finally, preventive measures are proposed at both the individual and institutional levels, including two-step authentication, cybersecurity education and collaboration between governments, businesses and users. This work contributes to the understanding of the cyberfraud phenomenon and reinforces the need for protection strategies adapted to the current digital context.