Biomarcadores para diagnóstico diferencial de patologías en próstata

Differential diagnosis of prostate diseases, including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), is usually based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) determination and digital rectal examination (DRE) results. However, these tests have important limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity, which can lead to false negatives, false positives, overdiagnosis and unnecessary biopsies, thus increasing the risk of invasive procedures and psychological impact on patients. Due to these limitations, there has been a growing interest in identifying and validating new diagnostic biomarkers that can more accurately differentiate between benign and malignant conditions in the prostate gland. In this review, a systematic search was carried out in the scientific databases: PUBMED, THE LENS and SCOPUS, following the recommendations established by PRISMA. Articles in English published between 2014 and 2024, providing relevant information on biomarkers that identify and differentiate prostate diseases, were included. From a total of 726 studies identified, 19 articles were selected, which met all eligibility criteria. The results of the review suggest that research aimed at differentiating prostatitis from other prostate pathologies remains limited. However, it has been found that the determination of certain types of serum metabolites of organic acids could be a promising tool to establish a better accuracy in the differential diagnosis between prostate diseases.