Avanços recentes no tratamento da Esclerose Múltipla: uma análise integrativa da literatura

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, of an autoimmune nature, characterized by demyelination and axonal damage, with a potential significant functional impact on the young-adult population. Although the etiology of MS remains multifactorial and partially elucidated, notable advances have been recorded in the understanding of its pathophysiological mechanisms, which has had a direct impact on the evolution of therapeutic approaches. Traditionally, treatments aimed to control flare-ups and slow the progression of neurological disability, but in recent years second-and third-generation disease-modifying therapies (TMDs) have emerged, with superior efficacy and safety profiles, as well as individualized biomarker-based treatment regimens. Drugs such as ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and siponimod have been shown to be effective in controlling inflammatory activity and preventing disease progression, including in progressive forms of MS. At the same time, research aimed at promoting remyelination, neuroprotection, and the use of artificial intelligence for early diagnosis and prediction of therapeutic response have consolidated a new paradigm of care. This integrative review aims to critically discuss recent advances in MS treatment, emphasizing both pharmacological innovation and emerging approaches that aim to modify the natural course of the disease and optimize clinical outcomes. The current analysis shows that the integration of personalized therapies, biomarker monitoring, and digital technology represents a promising frontier in the clinical management of multiple sclerosis, although challenges related to accessibility, cost, and adherence still persist.