Від мультикультуралізму до нативізму: динаміка наукових підходів

The article examines the changes in perceptions of the policy of multiculturalism and the reasons for its abandonment in a number of European countries and the transition to nativism. The author defines multiculturalism and nativism. The history of the emergence of these concepts is analyzed. The article provides an overview of the topics of modern research on multiculturalism and nativism by foreign and domestic scholars. Different views on these issues are analyzed. Not all scholars agree that multiculturalism is in crisis. Some believe that there is a change in the forms and methods of implementing this policy currently changing. The article shows the connection between the policy of multiculturalism and its criticism with the processes of migration in the era of globalization. It is noted that immigrants who become citizens of the European countries that receive them are mostly carriers of a different political culture from that which exists in countries with developed democracies. Attention is paid to the possibility of accelerating the process of integration of immigrants into Western society and their assimilation of its values. The article also discusses the question of whether the compulsory integration of immigrants affects the attitude of Europeans towards them. The article highlights the impact of the crisis of multiculturalism policy and the rise of nativism on the changing party landscape. These changes are associated with a shift in public sentiment, political preferences of voters, and a preference for right-wing populist parties, which are also called “anti-immigrant” parties. Even though they are not the majority in the representative bodies of European countries, right-wing populist parties have managed to change immigration policy in some of them to their satisfaction. The rejection of multiculturalism creates the preconditions for increased conflict in society, as well as the spread of xenophobia, crime, and unconventional protests. In the conditions of information war, hostile countries can use the existing contradictions in European countries to destabilize the situation. The study of these issues is relevant, as it allows for timely detection and prevention of conflicts, preservation of stability, and strengthening of democracy.