Sestavljanje in analiza variabilnosti genomov organelov pelinolistne žvrklje (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Invasive species pose significant threats to biodiversity, agriculture, and human health, with impacts intensified by climate change. They also provide a unique opportunity to study rapid evolutionary processes. Ambrosia artemisiifolia, a highly invasive weed from North America, has caused substantial environmental and health impacts worldwide. This study assembled and annotated the chloroplast (152,471 bp) and mitochondrial (283,153 bp) genomes of A. artemisiifolia using short sequencing reads, providing a new reference for examining its genetic diversity and evolutionary history. Annotation revealed 80 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs in the chloroplast and 40 protein-coding genes, 21 tRNAs, and 5 rRNAs in the mitochondrion. Analyses of samples from North America, Europe, and Australia using principal component analysis, maximum likelihood phylogenies, and minimum spanning networks identified distinct genetic clusters, with clear geographic structure in North America and reduced structuring in Europe and Australia. The highest organelle genome variability was in the North American range and Europe, while the lowest was in Australia. Phylogenetic analyses revealed signs of organelle-specific introgression with close relatives. Differences in chloroplast and mitochondrial structuring highlighted independent inheritance and evolutionary history. This study provides valuable insights into the global spread and adaptation of A. artemisiifolia, enhancing understanding of its invasion history and evolutionary dynamics.