La eficacia de ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje en la educación básica superior: Análisis de su impacto pedagógico

This article aims to analyse the effectiveness of virtual learning environments (VLEs) in basic higher education, assessing their pedagogical impact through a literature review of studies published between 2019 and 2025. VLEs, which include interactive digital platforms, forums and multimedia tools, have emerged as a key alternative in modern education, facilitating access to content and promoting interaction between students and teachers in a flexible and accessible way. The review reveals that VLEs contribute significantly to the personalisation of learning, allowing students to progress at their own pace and adapt to different learning styles. Furthermore, these environments promote collaborative learning, autonomous knowledge construction and the development of digital skills, essential for the 21st century. However, several challenges are also identified, such as insufficient technological infrastructure, inequalities in access to ICTs and the need for ongoing teacher training. The studies included in the review highlight that, to maximize the educational benefits of VLEs, an adequate pedagogical design and the use of active methodologies, such as project-based learning or the flipped classroom, are necessary. Despite the challenges, the results indicate that the effective implementation of VLEs can improve students' academic performance, motivation and engagement, thus promoting inclusive and quality education. In conclusion, VLEs are a powerful educational tool, but their success depends on factors such as teacher training, adequate technological infrastructure and institutional support to overcome technological and social barriers that still persist in some educational contexts.