Innovative Approaches in Microalgae-Based Bioremediation: Engineered Strains and Nanotechnology for Heavy Metal and Emerging Contaminant Removal

The escalating levels of heavy metal pollution in industrial wastewater have emerged as a significant environmental concern. Traditional methods for mitigating heavy metal contamination, such as chemical treatments and physical filtration, often come with high costs and environmental risks. In recent years, microalgae-based bioremediation has gained traction as an innovative, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for detoxifying heavy metals in wastewater. Microalgae, due to their high surface area, rapid growth rates, and inherent ability to uptake and accumulate heavy metals, offer a promising solution for reducing contamination. This article explores recent advancements in microalgae-based bioremediation techniques, the mechanisms underlying metal uptake and detoxification, and the potential applications in wastewater treatment. The review also highlights the challenges and future directions in optimizing this bioremediation method for large-scale industrial applications.