Green Synthesis: An Eco-Friendly Approach for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized with Operculina turpethum and It’s In vitro and in vivo Biological Activities

Saud Bawazeer Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Saud Bawazeer, Email [email protected]: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in biomedical applications. Green synthesis methods provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to AgNPs production, utilizing plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using the methanolic extract of Operculina turpethum.Methodology: AgNPs were synthesized using O. turpethum extract, and their formation was confirmed through various analytical techniques. The antibacterial activity of both the crude extract and AgNPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus. Enzyme inhibition studies were conducted for urease, α-glucosidase, carbonic anhydrase II, and xanthine oxidase. Analgesic and sedative activities were evaluated through standard models.Results: AgNPs exhibited an inhibition zone of 14 mm against S. aureus, greater than the crude extract (12 mm) but lower than Linezolid (25 mm). Enzyme inhibition studies revealed strong activity, particularly against urease (96.09% inhibition, IC5o = 25.65 ± 0.97 μg/mL). AgNPs demonstrated superior analgesic effects (81.98% at 10 mg/kg), comparable to diclofenac sodium (86.02%). Sedative effects were dose-dependent, reaching 35.09% at 10 mg/kg.Discussion: The enhanced antibacterial activity of AgNPs suggests improved bioavailability and interaction with bacterial membranes. The strong enzyme inhibitory potential indicates their possible therapeutic role in enzyme-related disorders. The analgesic and sedative activity of AgNPs suggests their possible role in pain management agents and neuropharmacology. The results demonstrate the efficacy of green-synthesized AgNPs for biomedical applications.Conclusion: Green synthesized AgNPs and their antibacterial, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, and sedative properties suggest promising therapeutic applications. Further research should explore their mechanisms and in vivo safety for clinical applications. Keywords: Operculina turpethum, Ag NPs, antibacterial studies, enzyme inhibition, sedative activities, analgesic potential