Eggshell-derived beta-carbonated hydroxyapatite coated 3D textile scaffolds for bone regeneration

The limitations of traditional non-absorbable implants, such as high immune rejection rates and insufficient osteoinductive properties, have driven the search for alternative strategies to improve bone regeneration. This study explores the synthesis of nanosized β-carbonated hydroxyapatite (β-CHA) derived from eggshell waste and its coating onto 3D bioabsorbable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) textile scaffolds, fabricated using weft-knitting techniques for bone regeneration applications. The β-CHA integration within the scaffolds was analysed through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), microscopic imaging, water contact angle measurements, pH monitoring, and alizarin red staining. Results confirmed that the precipitation method effectively produces β-CHA particles, achieving a stable pH range of 6.8 to 7, suitable for biological compatibility. The study further emphasizes the critical role of pore interconnectivity and macroporosity in scaffold design, validating knitting as a viable textile technique for creating tailored, structurally robust scaffolds. These findings highlight the potential of repurposing food waste, particularly eggshells, in combination with textile manufacturing to develop active scaffolds that support enhanced bone tissue engineering outcomes.