Analysis of American Airlines Flight 965: Human Factors and Safety Implications

This case study examines the human factors that contributed to the crash of American Airlines flight 965, a Boeing 757 that impacted mountainous terrain near Cali, Colombia, in December 1995, resulting in 151 fatalities. Applying the People, Environment, Actions, Resources (PEAR) model—a framework that evaluates interactions between individuals and their operational environment—the study focuses on the critical role of "Actions" in the crew's decision-making during the final approach. The analysis identifies key errors, including misjudgments in navigation, failure to follow standard operating procedures, and improper management of cockpit resources. These actions, exacerbated by environmental challenges such as difficult terrain and weather conditions, were central to the accident. The study highlights the need for improved training in decision-making and situational awareness, emphasizing that better protocols could have prevented the crew’s failure to recognize the impending danger in time. By isolating "Actions" in the PEAR framework, the case provides insights into how human error in high-pressure situations can significantly affect flight safety. Recommendations are made for enhancing pilot training, focusing on navigation, communication, and resource management to reduce future accidents. This study underscores the importance of addressing human factors in aviation to improve flight safety.