AIR POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH: EXAMINING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PM2.5 LEVELS AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN MAJOR CITIES IN NIGERIA

Air pollution poses a significant and escalating public health challenge in rapidly urbanizing regions, particularly in developing countries. This study investigates the correlation between ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 micrometers) levels and the prevalence of respiratory diseases in major Nigerian cities, including Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, and Kano. Leveraging air quality monitoring data from 2018 to 2023 alongside hospital records and public health reports, we employed a mixed-methods approach combining geospatial analysis, regression modeling, and health impact assessments to quantify the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and incidence rates of respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation between elevated PM2.5 concentrations and increased respiratory morbidity, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. Seasonal variations and proximity to industrial or high-traffic zones further intensified health risks. This study underscores the urgent need for national air quality standards, improved emission control policies, and targeted public health interventions. Strengthening environmental monitoring infrastructure and integrating air pollution mitigation into Nigeria’s urban development strategy are crucial steps toward safeguarding population health and achieving environmental justice.