Перспективні напрями підвищення енергетичної та екологічної безпеки засобів водного транспорту

In the context of global warming and the intensification of climate policy, the issue of energy and environmental safety of water transport is becoming particularly relevant. The International Maritime Organization has set an ambitious goal of achieving zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, which requires a radical rethinking of approaches to energy use on ships. In this regard, the introduction of innovative waste heat utilization technologies is considered a key tool for improving the energy efficiency of ships and reducing the negative impact on the environment. The article presents a systematic analysis of modern engineering solutions for utilization of heat lost during the operation of ship power plants. The principles of operation and efficiency of such technologies as the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), the Kalina cycle, turbo-compound systems, and thermoelectric generators are considered. The technical parameters, energy productivity, environmental benefits and economic feasibility of implementation in real shipping conditions are analyzed. The results of the study show that the introduction of waste heat utilization technologies can achieve fuel savings of 3-7% and significantly reduce CO₂, NOₓ, and SOₓ emissions. ORC systems have proven to be the most effective, as they are highly adaptable to different temperature sources of heat on board. At the same time, turbo-compounding technologies, in particular in combination with steam injection modules, have shown promise in the modernization of high-power diesel engines. The risks associated with safety, space constraints on board, and system maintenance are also investigated. Based on a review of scientific literature, international standards, and modeling results, the paper identifies key criteria for selecting waste heat recovery technologies for specific types of ships and operating scenarios. Recommendations for the design of energy-efficient ship energy systems are formulated and the need to develop hybrid systems that combine the advantages of ORC, the Kalina cycle, and the latest thermoelectric solutions is substantiated. The prospects for further research are summarized and the possibilities of integrating waste heat recovery technologies into the strategic planning of energy modernization of the fleet on the way to decarbonization of maritime transport are considered