Thermal Energy Storage (TES): Materials, Innovations, and Sustainability

With TES, renewable energy systems become more efficient and sustainable, as it helps to lessen the problems that come from solar and wind being unpredictable. This thesis provides a structured analysis of research regarding the temperature features, performance, and methods to enhance Sensible Heat Storage (SHS) and Phase Change Materials (PCMs). Key properties, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal stability, are analyzed to understand their effect on both the storage system’s performance and its future reliability. It also examines recent breakthroughs such as nanoparticle-containing composite forms, advanced encapsulation, and biological options aimed at boosting the capabilities and environmental safety of materials. The research looks at the benefits and drawbacks of each energy storage material to highlight trends, problems, and future paths towards better, environmentally friendly energy storage. The research helps explain how advanced engineering of materials plays a key role in including TES systems in modern energy structures, which is crucial for the global move to cleaner and stronger forms of energy.