The Spoilers Among Us : A Qualitative Study Examining Factionalism as a Driver of Spoiler Behaviour

Spoiler behaviour emerges across diverse conflict scenarios, with armed groups engaging in such strategies to disrupt peace processes using violent and non-violent tactics. These actions are influenced by both external and internal factors. Research on spoiler behaviour highlights a gap in understanding why some armed groups engage in such activities while others abstain under similar conditions. Factionalism is a key but understudied factor, with the transnational dimensions of spoiler behaviour also requiring further exploration. The central research question posed is: Why do some armed groups engage in spoiler behaviour, while others do not? Applying the Internal Contestation Model, this thesis explores the relationship between factionalism and spoiler behaviour among transnational armed groups. The following hypothesis guided the research: Armed groups affected by high levels of factionalism are more likely to engage in spoiler behaviour during peace processes. This is due to a greater perceived threat to their existence compared to armed groups with low levels of factionalism or those without significant internal divisions. Through a comparative case study of Hamas during the Camp David II Summit and events surrounding it, and Hezbollah during the negotiations and implementation of the UNSCR 1701, this study demonstrates a causal relationship between factionalism and spoiler behaviour, thereby supporting the hypothesis. However, further research is necessary to expand the generalisability of these results.