Nanotechnology-Enhanced Extracellular Vesicles -Based Chipsets in Early Cancer Detection and Theranostics

Swastika Maitra,1 Subham Sarkar,2 Muktesh Chandra,3 Suhas Ballal,4 Rishiv Kalia,5 Renu Arya,6 Magdi EA Zaki,7 Daniel Ejim Uti8,9 1Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 700016, India; 3Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India; 4Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India; 5Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India; 6Department of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali, Punjab, 140307, India; 7Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Biochemistry/Research and Publications, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda; 9Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Benue State, NigeriaCorrespondence: Daniel Ejim Uti, Department of Biochemistry/Research and Publications, Kampala International University Uganda, Email [email protected]; [email protected] Magdi EA Zaki, Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email [email protected]: Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer diagnostics, particularly through exosome-based chipsets that offer early, non-invasive, and highly sensitive detection. These nanoscale platforms isolate and analyze extracellular vesicles (exosomes) carrying molecular signatures from cancer cells. Microfluidic and material science innovations enable detection from body fluids with high specificity, surpassing conventional diagnostic tools. Engineered exosomes also offer therapeutic potential, especially in targeting metastasis. This review explores exosome formation, roles in cancer, and the latest advancements in chipset technology, emphasizing their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Despite challenges in standardization and clinical integration, ongoing research and trials indicate a transformative shift in cancer care driven by exosome-based technologies. Special emphasis is placed on chip-integrated nanotechnologies developed for exosome isolation and analysis, detailing recent innovations, device specifications, and diagnostic potential. The review aims to bridge the gap between fundamental exosome biology and the translational relevance of chip-based platforms in clinical cancer diagnostics. Keywords: nanotechnology, exosomes, cancer detection, microfluidics, biomarkers