On the forgotten index and Jacobson graphs associated with integer rings modulo n

This paper investigates the connections between the Jacobson graph and the algebraic properties of rings through the analysis of the Jacobson graph of the ring \mathbb{Z}_{3p}, where p is a prime number greater than 3. The Jacobson graph of a commutative ring R is constructed by taking the elements of R, excluding its Jacobson Radical, as vertices, and connecting two distinct vertices if 1 minus their product is not a unit in R. The F-Index is utilized to capture and represent the structural properties of the ring through its associated graph. A detailed examination of the Jacobson Radical, maximal ideals, and vertex degrees in \mathbb{Z}_{3p} leads to the calculation of the F-Index, providing insights into the graph’s connectivity and underlying algebraic structure. This study contributes to the intersection of algebra and graph theory, offering a foundation for further research into more complex algebraic structures.