The Emergence, Development, and Transformation of Library Marketing in European Countries

The article explores the history of the emergence and development of library marketing in European countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and Scandinavian countries such as Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden. Special attention is given to the processes of integrating marketing strategies into library activities and their transformation under the influence of economic, social, and technological factors. Thekey stages in the evolution of library marketing are described, from early steps in the UK in the 19th century to its current state in Europe. The study highlights the differences and commonalities in the development of library marketing in various cultural contexts