Desafios e estratégias para ampliação da cobertura vacinal no Brasil: o papel da saúde pública

Vaccination is one of the most effective public health strategies for preventing diseases and reducing mortality, and is essential in Brazil through the National Immunization Program (PNI), implemented in 1973, which has enabled the eradication of diseases such as polio and smallpox and the reduction of measles and rubella cases. However, in recent years, the country has faced challenges such as falling vaccination coverage, vaccine hesitancy, misinformation and access barriers, which highlights the relevance of this work. The aim of this study was to investigate, in the scientific literature, the barriers and strategies for expanding vaccination coverage in Brazil. Anintegrative literature review was carried out. Articles were included between 2020 and 2024 and after screening, ten studies were selected and analyzed qualitatively. The results indicate that the decline in vaccination is associated with misinformation, socioeconomic inequalities and logistical challenges. Vaccine hesitancy, fueled by fake news, undermines confidence in vaccination. In addition, vulnerable populations face barriers to access, while the logistics of the Unified Health System (SUS) lack robust infrastructure and improved technologies for monitoring. Effective strategies include inclusive education campaigns and the implementation of digital systems to improve vaccine management. Public health plays a central role, promoting equitable access to vaccines, epidemiological surveillance, health education and intersectoral coordination. It is concluded that maintaining high vaccination coverage requires integrated efforts between managers, health professionals and civil society, with evidence-basedstrategies, strengthened infrastructure and social mobilization being essential.