Comparación de la eficacia de la dieta cetogénica y la dieta mediterránea en el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en pacientes con obesidad

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease associated with obesity and insulin resistance. In this context, the ketogenic diet and the Mediterranean diet have been widely studied for their impact on glycemic control and weight loss. However, more robust evidence is needed to determine which of these strategies is more effective and sustainable in the long term.This study conducted a systematic review following the PICO model to analyze relevant clinical trials and evaluate their impact on patients with T2DM and obesity. After the selection process, a total of 23 studies were included, comprising 16 qualitative analysis studies and 7 quantitative analysis studies.The results indicate that both diets can improve glucose regulation and promote weight loss.The ketogenic diet showed a rapid decrease in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglyceride levels, but its restrictive nature makes long-term adherence challenging and may increase LDL cholesterol. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet, which is more balanced and sustainable, improved insulin sensitivity and reduced the need for medication, making it a viable option for long-term T2DM management.In conclusion, while both diets offer benefits, the choice should be based on the individual needs of each patient. The ketogenic diet is effective in the short term, whereas the Mediterranean diet is more sustainable and safer in the long run. Further long-term studies are recommended to optimize nutritional treatment for T2DM.