Caracterización de la Paciente Obstétrica Adolescente en Segundo Nivel de Atención

Adolescent pregnancy remains a major public health challenge globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where socio-economic and educational barriers limit healthcare access. In Mexico, adolescent pregnancy rates are among the highest in the OECD, posing significant risks for both maternal and neonatal health. This study aimed to characterize the demographic, social, and clinical profiles of adolescent obstetric patients in a secondary-level hospital to better understand risk factors and outcomes in this vulnerable population. We conducted a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study at the General Zone Hospital No. 20 in Puebla, Mexico, including 50 adolescent patients aged 10 to 19 years who were admitted for delivery or obstetric care over a six-month period. Data were collected through structured interviews and clinical record reviews. Results indicated a mean patient age of 17.34 years, with 84% being primiparous and 66% lacking adequate prenatal care (defined as fewer than five prenatal visits). Cesarean delivery was performed in 50% of cases, primarily due to complications such as fetal distress and intrauterine growth restriction. Notably, 71% of the patients experienced at least one complication during pregnancy or delivery, underscoring the high risk associated with adolescent pregnancies. These findings align with regional data from Latin America, where adolescent mothers face elevated risks of complications due to inadequate prenatal care and limited access to sexual health education and family planning. In conclusion, the study highlights the urgent need for targeted prenatal and educational interventions for adolescent mothers in Mexico to mitigate maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Establishing accessible healthcare services and comprehensive educational programs is crucial to improving health outcomes in this population.