Baja disponibilidad energética en atletas y su relación con la composición corporal: revisión de alcance

Introduction: In the field of exercise, energy availability refers to the energy remaining after accounting for physical exercise. Low energy availability can lead to significant health and body composition complications. Objective: This study aimed to (a) explore body composition values associated with states of energy availability, (b) identify algebraic formulas and characteristics related to exercise energy expenditure, and (c) discuss findings on the variables involved in estimating energy availability. Methodology: Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a descriptive analysis was conducted on evidence gathered from Scopus, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases in February 2024. Results: Fifty four studies met the selection criteria, involving 1219 women and 599 men across various sports and age groups. Clinically low energy availability was found in 53.15% of women and 31.21% of men, with body composition values spanning wide ranges. Discussion: Energy availability in athletes varies depending on calculation characteristics, methods of estimating energy expenditure, and body composition. Differences in methodologies, such as the incorrect use of formulas, can lead to measurement errors. Conceptual and procedural standardization is necessary to mitigate potential distortions. Conclusions: Distinguishing between best practices and methods for estimating energy intake and exercise energy expenditure could resolve the heterogeneity of results. Additionally, body composition indicators such as the fat-free mass index may offer better correlations with energy availability.