НА РОЗДОРІЖЖІ ІСТОРІЇ ВІД XVI ДО ХХІ СТ.: ГУМАНІЗМ VS ТОТАЛІТАРИЗМУ (МУЗИКА У ПОДОЛАННІ ПРОБЛЕМ УТВЕРДЖЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ)

The article first substantiates methodological approaches to national identity and peculiarities of identity formation in various socio-historical conditions according to the theory of "long time" (long durée) of the French philosopher Fernand Braudel, a follower of the "Annals" school. According to it, a comparative analysis of the historical and cultural environment of three cities in the 16th century, which played an important role in the development of the three states, was first conducted. Such cities were Florence, Moscow and Lviv. Analysis of the socio-cultural environment and legal norms of each city proved the dependence of art on the interpretation of the personal freedom of the residents. It was revealed that the creation of the Florentine Camerata and the Lviv Brotherhood were connected with the awareness of the public rights and responsibilities of the city's citizens, while the despotism of the Muscovite Empire inspired the emergence of censorship, oprichnina and serfdom. On this basis, the bridge to the 19th century is overturned, when the development of culture, primarily its musical segment, in the two empires between which Ukraine was divided - Russian and Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) - clearly demonstrates different socio-political approaches to individual national communities, and thus creates different prerequisites for the establishment of Ukrainian national identity in the 20th century. Because of that, the relationship with the totalitarian Bolshevik regime in the eastern and western regions of Ukraine with different historical backgrounds had significant differences, which could not be completely overcome even at the present stage.